FLUID MECHANICS , LABORATORY MANUAL

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. To study working and different Parts of HydraulicBench.

2. To Calibrate a Bourdon type Pressure Gauge Using aDead Weight Pressure Gauge Calibrator.

3. To find the theoretical and actualcenter of pressure on partially submerged plane area / surface.

4. To determine the discharge andco-efficient of discharge over a rectangular notch.

5. To determine the discharge andco-efficient of discharge over a triangular notch.

6. To investigate the validity of Bernoulli’s Theorem as applied to the flow of water by Bernoulli’s Theorem demonstration.

7. Flow through Sharp Edged Orifice.

8. To Prepare the Classical Experiment Conducted by Reynolds’s Concerning Flow Conditions.

9. To verify the theoretical expression for the force exerted by Jet striking normally on the flat plate (Impact of Jet).

10. To determine the characteristic of   Pelton Wheel apparatus at various speeds.

11. To determine the characteristic of   Francis Turbine apparatus at various speeds.

12. To determine the characteristic of   Kaplan Turbine at various speeds.

13. To Prepare the Classical Experiment Conducted by Reynolds’s Concerning Reynolds’s Number Calculation.

14. To determine the head/ flow characteristic of Centrifugal pump at various speeds.

15. To determine the head/ flow characteristic of Turbine Pump at various speeds.

16. To determine the head/ flow characteristic of Reciprocating Pump at various speeds.

17. To determine the head/ flow characteristic of Axial Flow Pump at various speeds.

18. To determine the Metacentric height of a Ship Modle.

19. To determine the velocity of water flow with the help of pitot tube.

20. To determine the coefficient of discharge of sharp crested weir.

21. To determine the coefficient of discharge of  ogee weir.

22. To determine the coefficient of discharge of a broad crested weir.

23. To determine the the head loss through hydraulic jump.

24. To determine the coefficient of discharge of the venture flume.

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FLUID MECHANICS , EXPERIMENT # 6

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FLUID MECHANICS , EXPERIMENT # 5

To determine the discharge and co-efficient of discharge over a triangular notch

APPARATUS:

• Triangular Notch
• Hook and point gauge
• Hydraulic bench
• Stop watch

THEORY:

1. Notch:

An opening provided in the tank / vessel in which the top edge of the opening lies below the water surface.

2. Orifice:

An opening in the tank / vessel in which the top edge lies below the water surface level, both the orifice and notch are used directly for discharge.

3. Weir:

A structure, used to dam up a stream or river, over which the water flows, is called a weir.

Difference b/w Notch & Weir:

• Notch is of small size and weir is of a bigger one.
• Notch is usually made in plate, whereas a weir is usually made of masonry or concrete.

4. Jet:

The water issuing from an orifice is called jet.

5. Sill or Crest:

The top of the weir or notch over which the water flows, is known as Sill.

6. Nape or vein:

The sheet of water flowing through a notch/weir is called Nape/ vein.

7. Triangular Notch:

Let,

• H = Height of the liquid above the apex of the notch
• θ = Angle of the notch
• C_d = Coefficient of discharge

From the geometry of the figure, we find that the width of the notch at the water surface,

Area of the strip:

We know that the theoretical velocity of water through the strip

and discharge over the notch,

The total discharge over the whole notch may be found out only by integrating the above equation within the limits 0 and H.

•       A triangular notch gives more accurate results for low discharges than rectangular notch And the same triangular notch can measure a wide range of flows accurately.

   PROCEDURE:

    1. I fixed the plate having a      triangular notch in the water passage of hydraulic bench.

    2. .Then I turned the hydraulic bench “ON” and the water started accumulating in it & when the         water level reached the crest of the notch, stopped the inflow & noted the height, let it be H_1.

   3. Then started the inflow, Noted the value and time for its accumulation, this gave the               discharge. Also noted the height of water level for discharge, Let it be H₂.

   4. Then H₂-H₁ gives the head over the notch.

   5. Also noted the angle of notch

   6. I took different readings by changing the discharge, head over the notch and tabulated flow.

   PRECAUTION:

       1.The amount of water should be added very carefully.

       2. The stopwatch reading must come in zero after each reading.

      3. Different readings should be taken for different discharge.

S /no	Vol(lit)	Time       (sec)	Q act		H1         (cm)	H2        (cm)	H        (m)	Qth          =8/15√2g tan(Ф/2)H5/2	Cd       =Qact/Qth
			Q        (lit/s)	Q      (m3/s)
1.
2.
3.

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FLUID MECHANICS , EXPERIMENT # 4

To determine the discharge and co-efficient of discharge over a rectangular notch

APPARATUS:

•    Rectangular Notch
•    Hook and point gauge
•    Hydraulic bench
•    Stop watch

THEORY:

1. Notch:

An opening provided in the tank/vessel in which the top edge of the opening lies below the water surface.

2. Orifice:

An opening in the tank/vessel in which the top edge lies below the water surface level, both the orifice and notch are used directly for discharge.

3. Weir:

A structure, used to dam up a stream or river, over which the water flows, is called a weir.

4. Difference b/w Notch & Weir:

•    Notch is of small size and weir is of a bigger one.
•    Notch is usually made in plate, whereas a weir is usually made of masonry or concrete.

5. Jet:

The water issuing from an orifice is called jet.

6. Sill or Crest:

The top of the weir or notch over which the water flows, is known as Sill.

7. Nape or vein:

The sheet of water flowing through a notch/weir is called Nape/ vein.

8. Rectangular Notch:

Let,

• H = Height of water above sill of notch

• b = Width or length of the notch

• C_d = Coefficient of discharge

Let us consider a horizontal strip of water of thickness dh at a depth of h from the water level as shown in figure.

•  Area of the strip 
• We know know that the theoretical velocity of water through the strip,
• Discharge through the strip,

• The total discharge over the whole notch may be found out by integrating the above equation within the limits 0 and H.

PROCEDURE:

1. I fixed the plate having a rectangular notch in the water passage of hydraulic bench.
2. Then I turned the hydraulic bench “ON” and the water started accumulating in it & when the water level reached the crest of the notch, stopped the inflow & noted the height, let it be H₁.
3. Then started the inflow, Noted the value and time for its accumulation, this gave the discharge. Also noted the height of water level for discharge, Let it be H₂.
4. Then H₂-H₁ gives the head over the notch. 
5. Also noted the width of notch. 
6. I took different readings by changing the discharge, head over the notch and tabulated flow.

PRECAUTIONS:

• Care should be taken at once stopped the inflow, when the water level reaches the crest of the notch.
• Different readings should be taken for different discharge.

OBSERVATION & CALCULATION:

S/no	Volume (lit)	Time (sec)	Q act		H1 (cm)	H2 (cm)	H (m)	Qth =2/3b* √2gH3/2	Cd =Qact /Qth
			Q (lit/s)	Q (m3/s)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

You can place your request for any kind of E-book, Lecture notes, Lab- Manuals, Presentations etc. Through below Comments Box System.

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